Free-To-Air Television Programme Code

=PREAMBLE= 1. Television exerts a strong influence on the community. In Singapore, as a medium for  entertainment,  information  and  education,  television  reaches  almost all homes and is easily accessible to all people, including the young. Because of its impact,  programmes  over  free-to-air  television  must  at  all  times  maintain  a standard that is acceptable to the community. 2. The Media Development Authority of Singapore (“MDA”) is empowered to issue, and from time to time, review codes of practice relating to the standards of broadcast  programmes. This Free-To-Air  Television  Programme  Code  (the “Code”) seeks to ensure that nothing is included in the programmes of any free-to-air television service which is against public interest or order, national harmony, or which offends good taste or decency. 3. The  Code  outlines  the  general  standards  to  be  observed  for  free-to-air television broadcasting  in  the  Republic  of  Singapore. It takes  into  consideration the greater influence of local productions, as viewers can more easily identify with the lifestyles  and  values  portrayed  in  them. Broadcasters must  therefore  be especially  mindful  of  the  overall  context  and  themes  of  local  programmes,  apart from specific  scenes  or  sequences. The implications,  influences,  lasting impressions and cumulative impact of such programmes must also be considered. 4. It is the responsibility of broadcasters to ensure that their programmes and services (whether analogue or digital) comply fully with the Code. The provisions set out in this Code have to be applied in spirit and should be read in conjunction with applicable  legislation  and  licence  conditions. Under the  Broadcasting  Act (Cap 28),  MDA  has  the  power  to  impose  sanctions,  including  fines,  on broadcasters who contravene the Code. 5. To aid parental guidance and allow for greater viewing choice, all content must be rated according to the Film Classification Guidelines (appended in Annex A) consisting of the following ratings:  G         - General  PG      - Parental Guidance  PG13  - Parental Guidance for Children below 13  NC16  - No Children below 16 years of age  M18    - Mature 18, for persons 18 years and above  R21     - Restricted to persons 21 years and above 2 6. Programmes  rated  up  to  PG13  are  allowed  for  broadcast  on  free-to-air television. =GENERAL PRINCIPLES= 1 Programmes  should  not  undermine  public  security  interest  or  public confidence in the law and its enforcement in Singapore. 2 Matters  pertaining  to  race  and  religion  should  be  handled  sensitively. Programmes should not be of a proselytic nature. 3 Broadcasters  should  be  vigilant  against  the  likely  effects  of  all  television material on children. It is therefore necessary for broadcasters to exercise considered judgement on the capacity of children, in different age groups, to cope  with  the  depiction  and  treatment  of  material  which  may  not  be suitable for them. 4 Children’s programmes should be wide-ranging  in  genre  and  content,  but should avoid gratuitous scenes of violence, horror or sex. There should be a balanced mix of programmes to cater to the needs of children of different age groups. 5 Programmes  with  horror  and  supernatural  content  should  be  broadcast  in timeslots that are less accessible to children. 6 Broadcasters should provide advisory notices for programme content which may be potentially disturbing or upsetting so as to enable viewers to make an informed choice. 7 Programmes  on  crime  and  violence  should  not  be  treated  in  a  cynical, frivolous or callous manner. Such programmes should not incite, glamorise or in any way promote violence or other types of anti-social behaviour. 8 Content pertaining to sex and nudity (including programmes on  AIDS, sex education,  childbirth,  etc.)  should  be  treated  with  discretion  and  due consideration so as not to offend against good taste and decency. 9 Factual  programmes  such  as  news,  current  affairs  or  documentary programmes should  present  information  in  an  objective,  accurate  and balanced manner. =PART 1: NATIONAL INTEREST= 1.1 Television programmes should not: (a) promote values and attitudes which are contrary to national interest; (b) present information or events in a manner likely to mislead or cause alarm to the public; 3 (c) contain  propagandist  and  ideological  messages  on  behalf  of  any foreign country, group or organisation; (d) contain extremist or anarchic messages, including the incitement of violence for political ends or other purposes; or (e)  sensationalise the treatment of any issue whether local, nationalistic or foreign in nature. 1.2 Broadcasters must ensure that due impartiality is observed in programmes dealing with  matters  of  public  policy  or  controversial  issues  of  public importance in  Singapore. Due impartiality  requires  programme  producers to deal  even-handedly  when  opposing  points  of  view  are  presented  in  a programme. On matters  of  public  importance,  balance  should  be  sought through the  presentation,  as  far  as  possible,  of  principal  relevant viewpoints. Programmes should not be slanted by the exclusion of facts or by misleading emphasis. Every reasonable effort must be made to ensure that the factual content of programmes is accurate. =PART 2: RACIAL & RELIGIOUS HARMONY= 2.1 Matters pertaining to race and religion are sensitive and capable of evoking strong passion  and  emotions. Broadcasters should  exercise  due  caution  when featuring the views, beliefs, practices, or activities of racial and religious groups. 2.2 For  the  purpose  of  this  part,  race  includes  dialect  groups  and  ethnic groups. Race & Religion 2.3 Television  as  a  mass  medium  should  be  kept  secular. Programmes of  a proselytic nature should not be broadcast. 2.4 Programmes which denigrate or are likely to offend the sensitivities of any racial or religious group should not be broadcast. 2.5 Programmes  which  incite  or  are  likely  to  incite  racial  and/or  religious intolerance, or misunderstanding, should not be broadcast. 2.6 References  to  race  and  religion  should  be  presented  accurately  and  in  a dignified and sensitive manner. 2.7 Broadcasters  must  bear  in  mind  the  main  religious  faiths  practised  in Singapore  whenever  they  carry  programmes  which  make  reference  to  or touch  upon  religious  views  or  beliefs. In featuring  any  religious  view  or belief, broadcasters should ensure such views do not in any way disparage or cast other faiths in poor light. 2.8 Racial and religious stereotyping must be avoided. =PART 3: FAMILY VIEWING POLICY= 3.1 It is the Authority’s aim to ensure that unsuitable material for children is not broadcast at times when there may be a large audience of young viewers. Family Viewing Policies 3.2 All  programmes  broadcast  between  6am  and  10pm  must  be  suitable  for family audiences. The transition  from  family-oriented  to  more  adult programming after  the  watershed  time  of  10pm  should  also  be  executed gradually. 3.3 Consumer  advice  like  warnings,  labelling,  classification  details  and  other information announcements  should  be  sufficient  and  reliable  and  given prior to  telecast  of  the  programme  or  its  trailer. However, this  does  not diminish the  licensee’s  responsibility  for  sensitive  scheduling  of programmes to reduce the risk of causing offence. Programmes requiring  Parental  Guidance  (PG)  and  Parental  Guidance  13 (PG13) 3.4 Programmes  that  are  rated  PG13  usually  contain  themes  and  content which may  not  be  suitable  for  children  below  13. These programmes should only be aired between 10pm and 6am. PG-rated programmes, may be aired before 10pm, but should be scheduled in appropriate timeslots. In addition, programmes rated PG and PG13 should also be accompanied on screen before the start of the programme by a viewing advisory describing the principal elements which have contributed to the rating, including their intensity and/or frequency (e.g. “Due to  strong  violence/frequent  horror scenes  etc,  parental  guidance  is  advised.”). This description should be clearly worded  and  displayed  in  a  readily  legible  typeface  that  should remain visible for at least 5 seconds. 3.5 For  all  PG  and  PG13-rated  programmes,  a  warning  indicator  should  be superimposed at the top left-hand corner of the screen at the beginning of the programme and after every commercial break for one minute. 3.6 To  provide  more  information  to  viewers,  broadcasters  are  encouraged  to include  the  relevant  viewing  advisory  beside  programmes  rated  PG  and PG13 in  publicity  materials  (like  the  TV  page  in  newspapers  and  TV guides), such as: PG13 [Mature Themes] PG13 [Horror] PG13 [Violence] Trailers and Programme Promotions 3.7 Trailers of programmes should be prepared with care and sensitivity based on target  audience  and  broadcast  time,  and  in  compliance  with  the guidelines stipulated in the TV Advertising Code. =PART 4: CHILDREN’S PROGRAMMES= 4.1 Children may not be able to distinguish real life from fiction, and are likely to be  disturbed by  the realistic  portrayal  of  violence,  horror  etc.   They are also more  predisposed  to  imitative  behaviour. As such,  no  advantage should be taken of children’s natural credulity. 4.2 For the purpose of this section, “children” refers to persons aged 14 years and below. Range and Quality of Children’s Programmes 4.3 Children’s programmes should be wholesome and in general designed  to impart  a  broader  knowledge  of  the  world  around  them,  and  to  promote appreciation of  good  social  and  moral  values. Stories must  generally reflect respect for law and order, parents, elders and fellow human beings. Stories should  clearly  portray  good  morals  e.g.  heroic  and  villainous characters must  be  distinguishable,  and  the  lifestyles  of  gangs  and gangsters should not be portrayed as desirable. 4.4 Programmes should not contain scenes depicting the consumption of liquor or tobacco products unless an educational point is being made, or in very exceptional cases  if  the  dramatic  context  makes  it  absolutely  necessary. Swear words should also not be used in such programmes. 4.5 The  portrayal  of  any  dangerous  or  harmful  behaviour  easily  imitated  by children should be avoided. Animated programmes must avoid excessive violence, especially  those  featuring  humans  and  life-like  characters  and depicting realistic story lines. While it is accepted that stylised violence can be entertaining  and  often  humorous  in  comedy  and  in  animation,  more serious representation, for example, in children’s drama, should always be editorially justified  and  should  ensure  that  the  consequences  of  violence are treated appropriately. 4.6 Programmes should not be presented in a manner which may be disturbing or distressing  to  children  or  which  may  in  any  way  adversely  affect  their general well being. 4.7 Programmes  for  younger  children  require  special  care  as  they  may  find violence and  horror  scenes/programmes  in  both  realistic  and  fantasy settings to be disturbing. For programmes which may be frightening to pre-schoolers, broadcasters should provide an advisory to alert parents. =PART 5: PUBLIC MORALS & SOCIAL VALUES= 5.1 Broadcasters should bear in mind the importance of the family as the basic unit of society in Singapore. The sanctity of marriage should be respected, and divorce  should  not  be  treated  casually  or  in  a  frivolous  manner. Adultery, cohabitation and promiscuity should not be endorsed, glamorised or encouraged. 5.2 Programmes should not make careless references to any class or group of persons as being inherently inferior. Programmes should not encourage or in any way discriminate against any section of the community on account of gender, age, disability or occupational status. 5.3  Behaviour  such  as  smoking  and  alcoholism  should  not  be  presented  as glamorous or desirable, especially in local programmes. 5.4  Broadcasters should be mindful of social and  cultural sensitivities, such as kissing  in  programmes  targeted  at  Malay  audiences  which  should  be avoided. =PART 6: THEMES= 6.1 The  theme  (subject  matter  or  topic)  and  message  are  important  in  the classification of  a  programme. The acceptability  of  a  theme  is  determined by its suitability and treatment, i.e. the way it is presented and the context in which scenes  are  presented. Suitability and  treatment  of  a  theme  is especially  important  for  the  lower  classification  ratings  as  they  have  an impact on the young. =PART 7: SEX & NUDITY=

Sex
7.1 The  level  of  sexual  activity  allowed  in  a  programme  depends  on  the explicitness and frequency of the activity, its relevance to the storyline and the target audience. Generally, depictions of sexual activity are not allowed for G, PG -rated programmes, while PG13-rated programmes may contain implied sexual activity, but should be infrequent and brief. 7.2  Scenes  depicting  sexual  activities  such  as  sado-masochism,  bondage  or sexual  violence  are  not  allowed  on  FTA  TV. However, scenes  implying these activities  may  be  permitted  if  sensitively  treated  and  appropriately rated. 7.3 Programmes  likely  to  encourage  deviant  sexual  activities  such  as pedophilia, bestiality and necrophilia are not allowed for all ratings. 7.4 Content considered to be pornographic or obscene in nature is not allowed for all ratings.

Nudity
7.5 Nudity is not allowed for a G rating. Rear nudity is allowed in PG-rated programmes if it is discreet, justified by context and not meant to titillate. Side nudity in a non-sexual context is allowed under PG13. 7.6 Nudity featured in health programmes such as breast-feeding can be rated PG or  PG13  depending  on  its  portrayal  and  treatment. Top frontal  nudity 7 may be allowed only under exceptional circumstances and in a non sexual context. For example, some nudity may be appropriate and may be shown in programmes  which  feature  historical  or  dramatised  events  such  as  the World War II Holocaust, tribal ways of life, or health programmes on breast feeding and breast cancer. =PART 8: VIOLENCE, CRIME & DRUG USE=

Violence
8.1 The depiction of violence may frighten, unnerve, unsettle or invite imitation, especially from children. Therefore, only mild portrayals that are relevant to the plot may be allowed in programmes meant for children. 8.2 The concerns in violence are:  Depiction of graphic/gratuitous violence  Normalising the use of violence as a solution to resolve problems;  Depiction of violent gangster behaviour (e.g. self mutilation rites);  Emphasis on violent techniques/acts (e.g. methods of torture, gang-fights, combat techniques);  Encouraging  aggressive  and  sadistic  attitudes  towards  infliction  of pain and violence;  Explicit  and  prolonged  sexual  violence  or  erotic  portrayal  of  sexual assault /coercion. 8.3 Mild portrayals of violence are allowed for a G rating, provided the portrayal does not  include  dangerous  or  harmful  behaviour  that  can  be  easily imitated by  children. Moderate portrayals  of  violence  without  detail  are allowed in PG-rated programmes if justified by context, and if the portrayals of violence do not dwell on cruelty, infliction of pain or torture of any kind. Moderate portrayals of violence with some details is allowed in PG13-rated programmes if  justified  by  context. The portrayals  of  violence  can  include some infliction  of  pain  and  injury  but  should  not  be  detailed,  intense  or prolonged.

Crime
8.4 Programmes  should  not  glamorise  or  in  any  way  promote  persons  (e.g. gangsters,  vandals,  delinquents  etc.)  groups  or  organisations  who  use  or advocate  the  use  of  violence  or  engage  in  any  criminal  activity  within Singapore or elsewhere. 8.5 Broadcasters  should  not  broadcast  any  information  from  any  source  which could endanger  lives  or  prejudice  the  success  of  attempts  to  deal  with  any crime such as hijacking or kidnapping. 8.6 In  programmes  dealing  with  criminal  activities,  whether  in  fiction  or  a documentary, there may be conflict between the demands of realism and the risk of unintentionally assisting the criminally inclined. Careful thought should 8 be given  and,  where  appropriate,  advice  taken  from  the  police,  before information is  given  about  law-breaking  or  methods/techniques  countering law enforcement or other security measures. 8.7 Care  needs  to  be  taken  in  programmes  to  avoid  any  impression  that  illegal drugs and substance abuse are socially acceptable, glamorous, or harmless. Detailed depiction of methods of illegal drug-taking should be avoided.

Drug Use
8.8 Clear,  instructive  details  are  not  allowed  in  G,  PG  and  PG13  content  as they  can  be  imitated  by  the  younger  audience. Portrayals glamorising  or encouraging the use of illegal drugs are not allowed for all ratings. =PART 9: GAMBLING & ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR= 9.1 Broadcasters  must  take  into  account  the  potential  cumulative  effect  of programme  content  normalising  anti-social  behaviour  or  gambling,  as regular  and  recurrent  portrayals  of  such  content  may  lead  viewers  to become more callous about anti-social behaviour or the ills of gambling.

Gambling
9.2 Programmes depicting gambling or the use of gambling devices should be presented with discretion and in a manner that does not encourage or offer instruction to  viewers. Gambling programmes/segments  are  acceptable only if  it  is  relevant  to  the  development  of  the  plot  or  as  an  appropriate background to the story. 9.3 The  broadcast  of  all  forms  of  gambling  tips  is  strictly  prohibited. No programme should  encourage,  promote  or  in  any  way  offer  instruction  on gambling even with regard to legitimate forms of gambling.

Anti-Social Behaviour
9.4 Glorification of gangs and secret societies should be avoided. 9.5 Hooliganism,  vandalism,  juvenile  delinquency  and  the  lifestyle  of  deviant sub-cultures should not be glamorised or presented in a favourable light. =PART 10:  HORROR,  SUPERNATURAL,  FORTUNE  TELLING  &  OTHER BELIEFS= 10.1 Classification  of  programmes  with  horror  elements  should  take  into consideration the  impact  and  shock  effect  of  such  films  to  ensure  that younger audiences are protected from disturbing materials. 10.2 The  treatment  of  horror  for  G-rated  content  should  not  be  too  realistic  or threatening, and such scenes should also be  mild and not psychologically disturbing. PG-rated programmes  should  not  contain  frightening 9 sequences that  are  prolonged  or  intense. The depiction  of  horror  can  be more realistic and intense in PG13 programmes. 10.3 Belief in superstition should not be promoted. Occult and ‘Psychic’ Practices 10.4 Programmes exploring occult or ‘psychic’ practices, particularly those with actual demonstrations  of  exorcisms  and  occult  practices  involving supposed contact with spirits or the dead, should be treated with caution. 10.5 Broadcasters should exercise caution when scheduling fiction programmes which focus on ‘psychic’ or supernatural phenomena. Programmes of this nature should be scheduled after 10pm, especially in instances where the treatment or  presentation  of  such  themes  is  dark  and  frightening  for younger viewers. Fortune Telling & Other Beliefs 10.6 Programmes  based  on  or  pertaining  to  fortune-telling,  feng-shui,  palm-reading,  numerology,  mind-reading,  tarot  reading,  astrology,  new  age healing and the like should not give the impression that these practices are exact sciences. =PART 11: NEWS & OTHER FACTUAL PROGRAMMES= 11.1 Due  impartiality  requires  broadcasters  to  deal  even-handedly  with  diverse viewpoints in  any  factual  (especially  forum-based)  programmes. Balance should be  sought  through  the  presentation  of  different  viewpoints. Programmes should  not  be  slanted  by  the  exclusion  of  facts  or  by misleading  emphasis. Every reasonable  effort  must  be  made  to  ensure that the factual content of programmes is accurate. 11.2 A  right  of  reply  or  an  opportunity  to  respond  shall  be  granted  to  the Government or  its  agencies,  to  correct  mistakes,  wrongful  reporting  or misrepresentations. For private  individuals  and  groups,  an  opportunity  to respond should be considered on the merits of each case. MDA may direct a broadcaster to give an aggrieved party the opportunity to respond over an appropriate medium. 11.3 Significant errors in factual programmes such as news, current affairs and documentary programmes  should  be  corrected  and  broadcast  at  the earliest opportunity.

News
11.4 Presentation of news must observe the following guidelines: (a) News  reports  /  bulletins  should  always  be  presented  with  due impartiality and  without  the  interjection  of  personal  views  by   10 presenters. They should  also  be  clearly  distinguished  from commentary and analysis. (b) Morbid,  sensational,  or  alarming  details  not  essential  to  factual reporting should be avoided. (c) Particular  care  must  be  taken  when  reporting  on  sexual  crimes. Reports must  not  carry  information  which  could  lead  to  the identification of such victims. (d) News reports must be sensitive to the use of materials or information relating to  a  person's  personal  or  private  affairs. The broadcast  of such  materials  or  information  is  acceptable  only  if  there  is  an identifiable public interest for doing so. (e) Images that may seriously distress or offend should only be displayed when there  is  an  identifiable  public  interest  reason  for  doing  so. In this regard, sensitivity must be exercised in broadcasting images of or interviews with  bereaved  relatives  and  survivors  or  witnesses  of traumatic incidents. (f) Sexual or other sensational material should not be exploited as news items without justification. 11.5 Any simulation of a television news bulletin or news flash to be included in any  programme  should  be  clearly  distinguishable  from  an  actual  news bulletin.

Personal View Programmes
11.6 Opinion  should  be  clearly  distinguished  from  fact  in  all  factual  programmes. Personal view programmes in which an individual is given the opportunity to put forward  his  or  her  own  views,  without  necessarily  referring  to  opposing views, are subject to the following guidelines: (a) The  programme  must  be  clearly  identified  as  one  which  contains personal opinions/views,  both  in  advance  announcements  and  at  the start of the programme. (b) Acknowledged  or  undisputed  facts  must  be  respected,  and broadcasters have an obligation to do what they can to ensure that the opinions expressed,  however  partial,  do  not  rest  upon  false  or inaccurate facts. (c) A  suitable  opportunity  for  response  to  the  programme  should  be provided to correct mistakes, factual errors or biased analyses. Accuracy and Fairness in Dramatised 'Reconstructions' 11.7 Dramatised “reconstructions” in factual  programmes  or  docu-dramas  that seek to  reconstruct  actual  events  as  a  means  of  obtaining  greater authenticity should not distort key reality issues and should be identified as such, so that the fictional elements are not misleadingly presented as fact. 11.8 The evidence on which a dramatic reconstruction is based should be tested with the same rigour required of a factual programme. Sequences that are based on  extracts  of  court  proceedings  or  other  matters  of  public  record must be  fair  and  accurate. Where the  creative  realisation  of  some elements (such as characterisation, dialogue or atmosphere) may introduce a fictional dimension, this should not be allowed to distort the known facts. =PART 12: REALITY, MUSICAL & VARIETY PROGRAMMES=

Reality TV
12.1 As Reality TV may involve the filming of ordinary individuals with or without their consent or in set-up situations, complaints about programme invasion of privacy  can  arise  from  the  gathering  of  material  or  from  the  way  an individual  is  treated  in  such  programmes. Broadcasters shall  only  collect material for  broadcast  purpose  by  means  which  are  lawful  and  fair  in  the circumstances of the case.

Musical & Variety Programmes
12.2 Films  and  music  videos  disallowed  under  the  Films  Act  should  generally not be  broadcast. However, if  suitable  edits  can  be  made,  such  content may be  deemed  passable  for  broadcast. Songs disallowed  or  otherwise prohibited under the applicable laws and regulations in Singapore must not be aired. Music associated  with  drugs,  alternative  lifestyles  (e.g. homosexuality)  or  the  worship  of  the  occult  or  the  devil  should  not  be broadcast. 12.3 Broadcasters  must  exercise  sensitivity  and  avoid  humour  which  offends good taste and decency. Examples include jokes based on race, gender, disability, as such humour (even without malicious intent) can easily cause hurt or humiliation. 12.4 It  is  the  responsibility  of  the  broadcaster  to  ensure  that  choreographed dance sequences  and  the  appearance  of  artists  should  be  in  good  taste and not  offend  any  religion,  race  or  culture. Specifically, entertainment programmes involving  children  should  not  be  exploitative  or  distasteful. Care must  be  taken  to  ensure  that  children  performing  in  entertainment programmes are  not  made  to  behave  inappropriately  (e.g.  stripping  and wearing skimpy clothing). 12.5 Where a contest is included in a programme, references to prizes must not be made  in  such  a  way  as  to  amount  to  advertising. Aural or  visual references to  prizes  or  acknowledgement  of  the  source  of  prizes  are allowed in contests provided that they are not excessive. The presentation of tobacco products as prizes or gifts for contests is not permitted. =PART 13: LANGUAGE= 13.1 Programmes  should  maintain  high  standards  of  language  and  speech  in the four official languages of Singapore. 13.2 Standard  English,  which  is  grammatically  correct,  should  be  used  for programmes such  as  news,  current  affairs  and  info-educational programmes. Local English,  which  is  also  grammatically  correct  but pronounced with a Singaporean accent and which may include local terms and expressions,  could  be  used  for  programmes  like  dramas,  comedies and variety shows. 13.3 Singlish,  which is  ungrammatical  local  English,  and  includes  dialect  terms and sentence  structures  based  on  dialect,  should  not  be  encouraged  and can only  be  permitted  in  interviews,  where  the  interviewee  speaks  only Singlish. The interviewer himself, however, should not use Singlish. 13.4 All  Chinese  programmes,  except  operas  or  other  programmes  specifically approved by the Authority, must be in Mandarin. Dialects in dialogues and songs may be allowed provided the context justifies usage and is sparingly used. Exceptions are given to: (a) News, current affairs and info-educational programmes where dialect interviews are  given  by  older  people  or  foreigners  who  can  only converse in dialect. Subtitles or  voice-overs  should  be  provided  for these interviews. (b) Some  dialect  terms  such  as  those  used  for  food  (e.g.  bak  kut  teh, char kway teow and ang gu kuey) may also be used in local dramas. (c) Dialect  theme  songs  may  also  be  played  during  the  opening  or closing programme credits of acquired Chinese dramas. 13.5 Sub-standard Mandarin (characterised by poor syntax or use of vocabulary, poorly pronounced Mandarin or  mixed  with many dialect terms) should be avoided in all Chinese programmes. 13.6 Dialects  in  dialogues  and  songs  in  English  programmes  may  be  allowed provided the context justifies usage and is sparingly used. (Exceptions as in Clause 13.4 (a) and (b) apply.) 13.7 The  use  of  Bahasa  Melayu  Baku  (standard  pronunciation  of  Malay)  is encouraged  for  all  Malay  programmes,  particularly  news,  current  affairs and information programmes. Specific guidelines as follows: (a) For  local  programmes,  info-educational  and  current  affairs programmes must  be  in  Bahasa  Melayu  Baku. Some flexibility  can be given to drama and variety shows. (b) Foreign  or  acquired  programmes  that  require  dubbing  should  be  in Bahasa  Melayu  Baku. However, acquired  programmes  that  are already in Malay need not be re-dubbed into Bahasa Melayu Baku. Coarse Language 13.8 Obscene  or  offensive  jokes,  words,  gestures,  songs,  dialogues  and subtitles should not be broadcast. =PART 14: INTERACTIVE SERVICES=

Contests & Premium Charge Telephone Services
14.1 If,  during  a  program  or  program  promotion,  viewers  are  invited  to  use  a premium  charge  telephone  service  (including  SMS)  to  obtain  information, register a view on a matter or participate in a competition, the broadcaster must provide clearly readable information about the cost of the call. If the programme is one that has a substantial child audience, information about the cost of  the  call  must  be in  a  form  which  children  can  understand,  and must be  presented  visually  and  orally. Children must  be  asked  to  seek parental permission before calling.

SMS, MMS & Other Interactive Services
14.2 Locally produced or packaged programmes which allow viewers to interact on-air via short messaging service (SMS) or multimedia messaging service (MMS) are  subject  to  the  guidelines  in  this  Code  and  the  following conditions: (a) All SMS/MMS should be screened and moderated before broadcast and be in accordance with the guidelines in this Code. (b) The  provision,  promotion  or  facilitation  of  anonymous  private  chat services or options is not allowed. Even if the broadcaster does not offer an  actual  private  chat  service  or  option,  the  moderator  must screen out all SMS/MMS that solicit private chat among users (e.g., messages that  provide  users’  personal  contact  details  must  be screened out). The programme should also not be used as a means for soliciting  dates  among  users  (e.g.,  strangers  arranging  to  meet each other at an agreed public place). =PART 15: STIMULI BEYOND NORMAL PERCEPTUAL THRESHOLD=

Subliminal Messages
15.1 Broadcasters  should  not  employ  the  process  known  as  “subliminal perception” or any other techniques or devices (e.g. by using images of very brief  duration)  which  attempts  to  convey  information  to  the  viewer  by transmitting messages beyond the normal threshold of awareness.

Flashing Images and Regular Patterns
15.2 Flashing  lights  and  certain  types  of  regular  visual  patterns  can  cause problems for some viewers who have photosensitive epilepsy. Care must be taken to minimise these risks in all programmes, but especially those where young people are likely to be watching as they could be more susceptible. Hypnotism 15.3 For  any  broadcast  on  demonstration  of  hypnotism  for  entertainment,  care must be taken to minimise the risk of hypnosis being induced in susceptible viewers. In particular, the hypnotist must not be shown performing straight into the camera. =IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAMME CODE= This Code shall come into effect on 24 June 2013, and replace the Code that took effect from  18  January  2012. MDA may  from  time  to  time  revise  or  update  the Code to maintain currency. The Code should also be read in conjunction with the TV Advertising Code and the TV Programme Sponsorship Code. =ANNEX A=

BOARD OF FILM CENSORS CLASSIFICATION GUIDELINES
Preamble 1. These  Guidelines  have  been  prepared  to  raise  awareness  and understanding of  the  Board's  film  classification  process. This is  not  a  legal document and is not intended to limit in any way the Board's exercise of functions under the Films Act  (Cap  107). While care  has  been  taken  to  define  the  content concerns and classification categories, the Board reserves the right to classify any film in such manner as it deems fit. 2. The  following  guidelines  serve  as  a  basis  for  classifying  films,  drama, documentaries and  TV  series  on  free-to-air  TV,  subscription  TV  and  video-on-demand. It will  enable  subscription  TV  and  free-to-air  TV  to  adopt  the  same ratings for films which have been classified by the BFC for the cinemas and video release. Introduction 3. Classification  Guidelines  aim  to  reflect  community  standards,  while ensuring that due consideration is given to the film’s artistic, educational or literary merit. The purpose  of  classification  is  to  protect  the  young  while  allowing  more choice for adults. 4. When  making  a  classification  decision  for  a  film,  the  Board  takes  careful consideration of  the  film’s  content  as  well  as  all other  relevant  factors  and concerns. The description  of  each  of  the  classification  categories  and  the indication of  the  suitable  audience  in  terms  of  age  may  be  found  in  these guidelines. To clarify the usage of words in the guidelines, a glossary of terms is included. 5. There are six ratings in film classification. They are:  G   - General  PG   - Parental Guidance  PG13  - Parental Guidance for Children below 13  NC16  - No Children below 16 years of age  M18   - Mature 18, for persons 18 years and above  R21  - Restricted to persons 21 years and above 6. G, PG and PG13 categories are advisory ratings while NC16, M18 and R21 are enforceable  by  law. Cinema operators  are  required  to  obtain  a  licence  to screen  NC16,  M18  or  R21  films. They should  ensure  that  the  age  restriction  is enforced. 16 7. In exceptional cases, a film may not be allowed for all ratings (NAR) when the content  of  the  film  undermines  national interest  or erodes  the  moral  fabric  of society. General Principles 8. In general, the Board’s classification decisions are guided by the following principles/considerations:  Generally accepted social mores  Need to protect the young  Racial/religious harmony  National interest  Treatment of theme, content and context  Evaluation of impact a. Generally Accepted Social Mores Films screened  must  be  sensitive  to  community  standards  of  morality  and decency, as well as social norms acceptable to the general public. b. Need to Protect the Young For the lower ratings, particular attention will be paid to content that may be harmful to or unsuitable for the young. c. Racial/Religious Harmony As Singapore  is  a  multi-racial  and  multi-religious  society,  films  that  denigrate any racial  or  religious  group,  or  create  misunderstanding  or  disharmony amongst the races are not allowed for all ratings. d. National Interest Films deemed to undermine public order, national security and/or stability will be disallowed for all ratings. e. Treatment of Theme, Content and Context How a  film  is  classified  depends  on  its  theme  or  message,  presentation  of content, and the context in which scenes are presented. f. Evaluation of Impact The impact of  a  film  or  a  scene  will  be  evaluated  based on  the  presentation, duration, frequency,  degree  of  visual  and  audio  details,  and  their  cumulative effect. The impact may be stronger where a scene: 17  Is shown in greater detail; uses close-ups and slow motion  Uses special effects such as lighting, sound, colour, or size of image to heighten emotions  Is prolonged and/or frequent  Is more explicit than implied  Is realistic rather than stylised  Is one in which the local audience can identify with  Is visual rather than verbal or written. In addition, films produced in a 3D format heighten the viewing experience and will be assessed for impact. They may be considered for a higher rating. 10. In  classifying  films,  due  consideration  will  be  given  to  the  artistic, educational or literary merit of the film. Major Content Concerns 11. This  part  of  the  guidelines  spells  out  content  concerns  that  are  applied in different  degrees  at  all  classification  levels. The seven  major  content  concerns are:  Theme  Violence  Nudity  Sex  Language  Drug Use  Horror a. Theme and Message The theme  (subject  matter  or  topic)  and  message  are  important  in  the classification of  a  film. The acceptability  of  a  theme  is  determined  by  its suitability and  treatment  i.e.  the  way  it  is  presented  and  the  context  in  which scenes are  presented. Suitability and  treatment  of  a  theme  is  especially important for  the  lower  classification  ratings  as  they  have  an  impact  on  the young. Films dealing  with  mature  content  (e.g.  drug  use,  prostitution  or homosexuality) would generally be classified as NC16, M18 or R21. b. Violence (i) The  depiction  of  violence  may  frighten,  unnerve,  unsettle  or  invite imitation, especially  from  children. Therefore, only  mild  portrayals  that are relevant to the plot may be allowed in films meant for children. For the higher classifications, a stronger depiction of violence is permitted if it is justified by context. (ii) The concerns in violence are:  Depiction of graphic/gratuitous violence  Normalising the use of violence as a solution to resolve problems; 18  Depiction of violent gangster behaviour (e.g. self mutilation rites);  Emphasis on violent techniques/acts (e.g. methods of torture, gang-fights, combat techniques);  Encouraging  aggressive  and  sadistic  attitudes  towards  infliction  of pain and violence;  Explicit  and  prolonged  sexual  violence  or  erotic  portrayal  of  sexual assault /coercion. c. Nudity Nudity is not  allowed  for a  G rating. Rear nudity  is  allowed  in  PG  films  if it is discreet,  justified  by  context  and  not  meant  to  titillate. Side nudity  in  a  non-sexual  context  is  allowed  under  PG13. Upper body  frontal  nudity  in  a  non-sexual  context  is  allowed  under  NC16. Full frontal  nudity  may  be  allowed  for M18 or R21, if it is justified by context and without gratuitous close-ups. Nudity featured  in  health  programs  such  as  breast-feeding  can  be  rated  PG, PG13 or  NC16  depending  on  its  portrayal  and  treatment. More explicit portrayals including child birth could be given a higher rating. d. Sex The level of sexual activity allowed on screen depends on the explicitness and frequency of the activity, its relevance to the storyline and the target audience. Generally, depictions  of  sexual  activity  are  not  allowed  for  G,  PG,  PG13  and NC16. Scenes depicting  sexual  activities  such  as  sado-masochism,  bondage  or sexual violence will be subject to strict review and may only be allowed  under a higher  rating,  depending  on  the  treatment  and  context. The content  should also not be gratuitous or excessive. Films likely to encourage deviant sexual activities such as pedophilia, bestiality and necrophilia are not allowed for all ratings. . Films that  depict  a  homosexual  lifestyle  should  be  sensitive  to  community values. They should not, promote or justify a homosexual lifestyle. However, non-exploitative and  non-explicit  depictions  of  sexual  activity  between  two persons of the same gender may be considered for R21. Content considered to be pornographic or obscene in nature is not allowed for all ratings. e. Language Coarse language and gestures with sexual connotations are not allowed in G films as  they  are  easily  imitated  by  young  children. In PG13  films,  expletives such as ‘fuck’ may be permitted if infrequent. Stronger language is acceptable in NC16  films. When classifying  M18  and  R21  films,  consideration  would  be given  to  the  degree  of  offensiveness  (i.e.  vulgarity  and  religious  association) and frequency of such language. 19 Films with dialect content are allowed on a case-by-case basis. Chinese films meant for  theatrical  release  should  generally  be  in  Mandarin,  in  line  with  the Speak Mandarin Campaign. f. Drug Use Clear, instructive details are not allowed in G, PG and PG13 films as they can be imitated  by  the  younger  audience. Such scenes  are  more  acceptable  for higher ratings  if  they  are  justifiable  by  context. Portrayals glamorising  or encouraging the use of illegal drugs are not allowed for all ratings. . g. Horror Classification of horror films will  take into consideration the impact and shock effect of  such  films  to  ensure  that  younger  audiences  are  protected  from disturbing materials. Documentaries 12. Documentaries  will  be  classified  in  accordance  with  the  general principles and content  concerns  expressed  in  this  document. If the  information/content  is distorted  or  misrepresented, or  requires  maturity  to  comprehend  and  discern  the message and/or intent, the documentary may be given a higher rating. Consumer Advice 13. Film ratings are usually accompanied by consumer advice. Films classified PG may be given consumer advice where necessary, for example, in the case of violence. Films rated PG13, NC16, M18 and R21 must carry consumer advice. 14. Rating and consumer advice must be clearly visible and legible in publicity materials including  website  synopses,  advertisements  in  newspapers  and magazines. This is to  provide  more information  for  consumers  to  make  informed decisions. It also  serves  as  a  guide  to  parents  about  the  suitability  of  a  film  for their children. Trailers 15. All  trailers  of  films  must  be  submitted  for  classification. Where the  trailer content is  not  suitable  for  a  general  audience,  a  higher  rating  will  be  imposed. Trailers classified as NC16 and above can only be exhibited to persons who meet the stipulated age requirement. 16. Trailers  rated  PG13  should  not  be  shown  prior  to  a  G-rated  or  PG-rated film, or in public places such as video walls. 17. Trailers  of  NC16  and  M18-rated  films  may  be  screened  during  films  of  a lower  rating  and/or  at  cinema  lobbies  and  at  video  walls. However, in  all  cases, 20 the content should be suitable for a general audience, including children. Trailers for R21 films can only be shown before films of the same rating. Film distributors should also observe any conditions imposed by the BFC on the screening of the trailers. Publicity Materials 18. To  avoid  offending  unsolicited  viewers  and  attracting  the  under-aged, stricter content  standards  are  applied  to  publicity  materials. These materials include posters,  banners or  billboards  displayed in public  places,  advertisements in newspapers and magazines. Publicity materials for all ratings should conform to community standards  and  should  not  offend  the  general  public. Detailed guidelines for print publicity materials are available on the MDA website at http://www.mda.gov.sg/wms.ftp/filmguidelines_promo_materials.pdf. 19. Once  a  film  is  classified,  posters  displayed  at  public  places  should  clearly display the  rating  and  consumer  advice. The display  of  posters  and  banners  for R21 films  should  be  restricted  to  cinemas  licensed  to  exhibit  R21  films. More sensitivity should also be exercised in the dissemination of publicity materials for films in  the  lower  rating  categories  as  they  can  be  displayed  in  public  places where young audiences are exposed to them. Periodic Review and Implementation of Guidelines 20. The  Board  will  continue  to  review  guidelines  periodically  in  the  light  of changes in lifestyle, public expectations and concerns. 15 July 2011 21 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Coarse language: Crude and/or offensive language lacking refinement or taste. Denigrate: To belittle or distort in a negative way the character of a person/race/religion Depiction: Representation, and/or portrayal on screen. Detail: Treatment of or attention given to the amount of  audio or visual information in the representation of a subject. Detail can  include  close-ups,  repeated,  prolonged  or slow motion visuals. Deviant sex: Sexual  behaviour  or  activities  that  are  not  considered socially acceptable. Examples are  paedophilia, bestiality, necrophilia and orgies. Discreet: Subtle, not explicit, lacking in details and close-ups. Disturbing: Upsetting or troubling. Drug abuse: Improper or excessive use of drugs. Excessive: Beyond reasonable limits, especially in terms of detail, duration or frequency. Expletive: An  exclamatory  word  or  phrase  that  is  obscene  or profane. Explicit Language  or  depiction  with  strong  details,  usually relating to sex and violence. Exploitative: Appearing to take advantage of or abuse the situation for the  enjoyment  of  viewers  or  for  sensationalism; lacking moral, artistic, or other values. Fetish: An  object,  an  action  or  a  non-sexual  part  of  the  body which gives sexual gratification. Gratuitous: Materials  which  are  unwarranted  or  uncalled  for,  and included without  the  justification  of  a  defensible  story-line or artistic merit. Horror: A  strong  feeling  of  fear  or  distress  that  is  inspired  by images or acts that are frightful and shocking. Implied: Depiction  of  a  subject  in  which  an  act  or  thing  is inferred or indicated without actually being seen. Incite: To stir up or provoke strong emotions and actions. 22 Intensity: The degree or extent to which a subject matter is acute or strong  (The  intensity  of  a  scene  depends  on  the duration,  the  audio/visual  effects,  language,  context and the proximity from which the shot was taken). Justified by context: Where  the  depiction  is  relevant  and  necessary  for  the integrity and continuity of the film. Mature themes: Issues  dealing  with  adult  life,  including  adultery, alternative lifestyles,  promiscuity,  suicide,  drug dependency, etc. Moderate: Depiction  that  features  some  details  and  may  have some impact  that  is  kept  within  reasonable  limits, which is generally acceptable. Nudity: Nudity can consist of frontal or rear nudity, above and below the waist for both sexes. It is determined by the details of  nudity  shown,  and  also  by  other  factors including the  duration  of  visuals,  repetition,  close-up shots and clarity. Offensive: Material that causes outrage or disgust to most people. Pornography: The  depiction  of  erotic  behaviour  intended  to  cause sexual excitement. Sexual activity: An  act  performed  with  another  for  sexual  gratification. May include foreplay. Sexual Connotation: Words or gestures that imply sexual activity. Sexual violence: The  act  of  sexual  assault  or  aggression,  in  which  the victim does not consent e.g. rape. Sexual simulation: Imitation or enactment of sexual activity that is not real but looks realistic. Strong: Detailed  depiction  likely  to  have  high  impact  on viewers. Suggestion: Mild, discreet treatment of a subject in which an act or object is hinted at, generally through discreet  manner, rather than the whole picture. Tone: The  quality  of  mood,  such  as  sadness,  humour, menace, lightness, or seriousness. Transvestism: The lifestyle in which a person adopts the clothes and behaviour of  the  opposite  sex  for  purposes  of emotional or sexual gratification. 23 Treatment:     The way in which material is handled or presented. 24 CLASSIFIABLE ELEMENTS How a film is rated depends on seven classifiable elements: theme, violence, sex, nudity, language, drug and substance abuse, and horror. Theme G Themes are suitable for viewers of all ages. Content should promote positive social values e.g. family bonding, respect for the elders. PG Themes should be suitable for children below 13 years. Themes should  generally  have  a low  sense  of  threat  or  menace, and be justifiable by context. Special attention should be paid to their Impact on children. Crime, violence,  juvenile  delinquency  and  promiscuity  should  not be glamorised or promoted. PG13 Themes should be suitable for young teens between 13 and 15. Darker themes can be allowed. Crime, violence, juvenile delinquency, and promiscuity should not be glamorised or promoted. NC16 Portrayal  of  mature  themes  (e.g.  gangsterism  and  transvestism) may be  allowed,  provided  they  are  treated  with  discretion  and appropriate to those 16 years and above. M18 Stronger portrayal and exploration of mature themes are allowed. Homosexual theme/content  as  a  sub-plot  may  be  permitted,  if discreet in treatment and not gratuitous. R21 Stronger  and  more  explicit  portrayal  and  exploration  of  mature themes are allowed. Films that  portray,  as  a  main  theme,  same-sex  marriages  or parenting will be subject to strict review. NAR Themes that promote issues that denigrate any race or religion, or undermine national interest will not be allowed. Themes that  glorify  undesirable  fetishes  or  behaviour  (e.g. paedophilia and bestiality) are not allowed. Promotion or glamorisation of homosexual lifestyle. Violence G Mild portrayals of violence are allowed. The occasional mild threat or menace is acceptable if justified by context. No portrayals  of  dangerous  or  harmful  behaviour  that  can  be easily imitated by children. PG Moderate portrayals of violence without details, may be allowed, if justified by context. Portrayals of violence should not dwell on cruelty, infliction of pain or torture of any kind. PG13 Moderate  portrayals  of  violence  with  some  details,  may  be allowed, if justified by context. Portrayals of violence can include some infliction of pain and injury but should not be detailed, intense or prolonged. NC16 The portrayal of infliction of pain and injuries may be allowed with some details  of  blood  and  gore  but  should  not  be  prolonged  or frequent. Explicit sexual violence is not allowed. M18 Realistic  depiction  of  violence  and  gore  with  strong  impact  is allowed if justified by context. However, the  portrayal  should  not  be  excessive,  gratuitous  or exploitative. Stronger portrayals  of  sexual  violence  may  be  allowed  if  justified by context, infrequent or without strong details. R21 Strong and realistic depictions of violence and gore are allowed if justified by context. Depiction of  torture  can  be  allowed,  if  not  exploitative  or gratuitous. NAR Detailed or gratuitous depictions of extreme violence or cruelty. Detailed instructions on methods of crime or killings. Sex G No sexual activity is allowed. Portrayals of affection (e.g. brief kissing) can be allowed. PG Sexual activity may be implied, and should be infrequent. Only mild  displays  of  affection  (e.g.  kissing  and  caressing)  and mild sexual innuendoes are allowed. PG13 Sexual activity may be implied, and should be infrequent and brief. Sexual humour can be allowed. Sexual innuendoes, crude hand gestures and sexual imagery can be allowed if mild and infrequent. NC16 Non-explicit  depiction  of  sexual  activities  may  be  allowed  but should not be detailed or prolonged. M18 Sexual activity may be portrayed if justified by context, infrequent and without strong details. Depiction of  occasional,  mild  sexual  activity  (i.e.  kissing  and hugging) between persons of the same gender may be permitted if justified by context and not gratuitous. Sexual violence  may  be  allowed  if  justified  by  context,  infrequent and without strong details. R21 Simulated sexual activities are allowed if they are not excessive. Explicit images  of  sexual  activity  (e.g.  masturbation,  fellatio  and sexual act) need to be justified by context. Explicit portrayals of sex between persons of the same gender are not allowed. Films likely  to  encourage  an  interest  in  abusive  or  unnatural sexual activity  (e.g.  paedophilia,  incest  and  anal  sex)  are  not permitted. Films with  themes  involving  deviant  sexual  activities  (e.g. sadomasochism, bondage, orgies or sex involving violence) will be subject to strict review and are likely to be disallowed. NAR Exploitative or pornographic sexual acts. Depictions of  obscene  and/or  unnatural  sexual  activities  (e.g. bestiality, necrophilia and paedophilia). Real sexual activities (e.g. actual penetration, actual ejaculation). Gratuitous, exploitative  or  offensive  depictions  or  sexual  activity including fetishes or practices which are offensive or abhorrent. Nudity G There should be no nudity. PG Discreet  portrayal  of  back  nudity  is  allowed  if  it  is  brief  and  in  a non-sexual context. Full frontal and side nudity is not allowed. PG13 Discreet and fleeting side profile nudity may be allowed in a non-sexual context. Full frontal nudity is not allowed. However, infrequent portrayal of female frontal nudity of the upper body may be allowed only under exceptional circumstances and in a non-sexual  context. For example,  films  which  feature  historical or dramatised  events  such  as  the  World  War  II  Holocaust,  tribal ways of life, or health programmes. NC16 Infrequent,  brief  and  discreet  portrayal  of  female  upper  body frontal nudity may be allowed in a non-sexual context. M18 Full frontal nudity with moderate detail is acceptable if justified by context, and not excessive. No close up of genitalia is allowed. R21 Full nudity is permitted but should not be excessive. Close ups of genitalia should be contextually justifiable. NAR Exploitative and excessive nudity.

Language G No coarse language is allowed. PG Infrequent coarse language is allowed if it is relevant and justified by context. Examples are "bitch" and “asshole”. PG13 The  word  "f**k"  is  allowed if  used infrequently,  except  on  free-to-air television. NC16 Infrequent use of expletives such as “motherf**ker”, “cunt”, "chee bye", "lan jiao", "puki mak” and "pundai" may be allowed if justified by context and not impactful.  Coarse  language  which  offends  community  and  cultural sensitivities should not be allowed (e.g. "kan ni na lao bu“). Continued aggressive  use  of  strong  language  and  verbal  sexual abuse is unacceptable. M18 Coarse language is allowed if it is not excessive. R21 Frequent use of strong coarse language may be allowed. NAR Language  that  denigrates  religion  or  is  religiously  profane  (e.g. Jesus F**king Christ). Drug and Substance Abuse G No references to illegal drugs or drug abuse. Content meant  for  children  should  not  promote  consumption  of alcohol and tobacco products. PG Only  discreet  references  to  illegal  drug  use  are  allowed  on  the condition that  such  references  do  not  promote  or  endorse  drug abuse and should be justified by context. Content targeted  at  children  should  not  promote  consumption  of alcohol and tobacco products. PG13 Only  discreet  depictions  of  illegal  drug  use  are  allowed  on  the condition that  such  depictions  do  not  promote  or  endorse  drug abuse and should be justified by context. Content targeted  at  children  should  not  promote  consumption  of alcohol and tobacco products. NC16 Drug taking may be allowed if brief and infrequent. The film  must  not  promote  or  encourage  drug  and  substance abuse. M18 Drug taking may be allowed with some details. The film  must  not  promote  or  encourage  drug  and  substance abuse. R21 Drug  taking  sequences  may  be  allowed  but  instructive  details  of illegal drug use are not allowed. The film  must  not  promote  or  encourage  drug  and  substance abuse. NAR Materials glorifying or encouraging drug and substance abuse. Detailed and instructive depiction of illegal drug use.

Horror G Treatment of horror should not be too realistic, or threatening, as it is likely to cause fear and anxiety among children. Horror tinged with humour may reduce the impact. Scenes of  horror  should  be  mild  and  not  psychologically disturbing. PG Frightening sequences should not be prolonged or intense. Horror tinged  with  humour  and  in  a  fantasy  setting  may  be mitigating factors. PG13 Depiction of horror can be more realistic and intense. NC16 Films with disturbing or gory scenes without strong details may be allowed. Frightening scenes which are more prolonged may be allowed. M18 Prolonged and/or intense sequences that invoke fear and/or terror may be permitted. R21 Depiction  of  intense  horror,  and  sustained  threat  or  menace  may be permitted if contextually justified. Portrayals of extreme abhorrent activity that may offend and cause great discomfort may be disallowed. NAR N.A.

=See also=

=References=