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The Singapore LGBT encyclopaedia Wiki
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RED + WHITE = PINK (2009 Campaign)
The Online Citizen interviews the organiser and participants of the inaugural Pink Dot, 16 May 2009
Pink Dot loves Singapore!
Pink Dot 2010 Focusing on Our Families (Part 1)
PINK DOT 2011 SUPPORT THE FREEDOM TO LOVE - 18 JUNE 2011
PINK DOT 2012 SOMEDAY
HOME 2013
Homosexuality in Singapore
Homophobia in Singapore
Singapore gay charity work
Singapore gay history: the 2000s
Singapore gay venues: historical, minor
Archive of judgment of High Court judge Lai Chiu Siu, 15 March 2011
Archive of Lianhe Zaobao feature article on Loo Zihan (12 February 2012)
Archive of performance score for Loo Zihan's re-enactment of "Cane" (19 February 2012)
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== History == {{Main article|History of Wikipedia}} {{multiple image | footer = Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger | width = | image1 = Jimmy Wales September 2015.jpg | width1 = 120 | image2 = L Sanger.jpg | width2 = 137 }} === Nupedia === [[File:Nupedia logo and wordmark.png|thumb|alt=Logo reading "Nupedia.com the free encyclopedia" in blue with large initial "N"|Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project called [[Nupedia]]]] Other collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before Wikipedia, but none were so successful.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |title = The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed? |work = Nieman Lab |accessdate = 2016-06-05 }}</ref> Wikipedia began as a complementary project for [[Nupedia]], a free online [[English language|English-language]] encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. Nupedia was founded on March 9, 2000 under the ownership of [[Bomis]], a [[web portal]] company. Its main figures were the Bomis {{abbr|CEO|chief executive officer}} [[Jimmy Wales]] and [[Larry Sanger]], [[Editing|editor-in-chief]] for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. Nupedia was licensed initially under its own Nupedia [[Open Content]] License, switching to the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] before Wikipedia's founding at the urging of [[Richard Stallman]].<ref name="stallman1999" /> Sanger and Wales founded Wikipedia.<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref name="Meyers" /> While Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,<ref name="SangerMemoir" /><ref name="Sanger" /> Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a [[wiki]] to reach that goal.<ref name="WM foundation of WP 1">{{cite web |url = http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html |title = Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks? |accessdate = February 20, 2007 }}</ref> On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia [[electronic mailing list|mailing list]] to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.<ref name="nupedia feeder from WP 1">{{cite news |first = Larry |last = Sanger |title = Let's Make a Wiki |date = January 10, 2001 |publisher = Internet Archive |url = http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html |archivedate = April 14, 2003 |accessdate = December 26, 2008 }}</ref> [[File:How Wikipedia contributes to free knowledge.webm|thumb|thumbtime=60|Wikipedia according to ''Simpleshow'']] {{external media | width = 210px | align = right | audio1 = [http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2014/01/15/the-great-book-of-knowledge-part-1/ The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1], Ideas with [[Paul Kennedy (host)|Paul Kennedy]], [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]], January 15, 2014 }} === Launch and early growth === Wikipedia was formally launched on January 15, 2001, as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,<ref name="WikipediaHome" /> and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<ref name="SangerMemoir" /> Wikipedia's policy of "neutral point-of-view"<ref name="NPOV" /> was codified in its first months. Otherwise, there were relatively few rules initially and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.<ref name="SangerMemoir" /> Originally, Bomis intended to make Wikipedia a business for profit.<ref name="Seth-Finkelstein">{{cite news |url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet |title = Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says |author = Finkelstein, Seth |publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]'' |date = September 25, 2008 |location = London }}</ref> Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, [[Slashdot]] postings, and [[web search engine]] indexing. By August 8, 2001, Wikipedia had over 8,000 articles.<ref name="Wikipedia August 08, 2001">{{cite web |url = http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20010808121638/http://www.wikipedia.org/ |title = Wikipedia, August 8, 2001 |publisher = Web.archive.bibalex.org |date = August 8, 2001 |accessdate = March 3, 2014 }}</ref> On September 25, 2001, Wikipedia had over 13,000 articles.<ref name="Wikipedia September 25, 2001">{{cite web |url = http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20011010233257/www.wikipedia.com/ |title = Wikipedia, September 25, 2001 |publisher = Web.archive.bibalex.org |date = |accessdate = March 3, 2014 }}</ref> By the end of 2001 it had grown to approximately 20,000 articles and 18 language editions. It had reached 26 language editions by late 2002, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the final days of 2004.<ref name="WP early language stats 1">{{cite web |url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_statistics |title = Multilingual statistics |work = Wikipedia |date = March 30, 2005 |accessdate = December 26, 2008 }}</ref> Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The [[English Wikipedia]] passed the mark of two million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing even the 1408 ''[[Yongle Encyclopedia]]'', which had held the record for almost 600 years.<ref name="EB_encyclopedia" /> Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in Wikipedia, users of the [[Spanish Wikipedia]] [[Fork (software development)|forked]] from Wikipedia to create the ''[[Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español|Enciclopedia Libre]]'' in February 2002.<ref name="EL fears and start 1">{{cite web |title = [long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008 |url = http://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |work = Osdir |accessdate = December 26, 2008 }}</ref> These moves encouraged Wales to announce that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and to change Wikipedia's domain from ''wikipedia.com'' to ''wikipedia.org''.<ref name="Shirky" /> Though the English Wikipedia reached three million articles in August 2009, the growth of the edition, in terms of the numbers of articles and of contributors, appears to have peaked around early 2007.<ref name="guardian WP user peak 1">{{cite news |url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist |title = Wikipedia approaches its limits |author = Bobbie Johnson |work = The Guardian |location = London |date = August 12, 2009 |accessdate = March 31, 2010 }}</ref> Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800.<ref name="WP growth modelling 1">{{srlink|Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth}}</ref> A team at the [[Palo Alto Research Center]] attributed this slowing of growth to the project's increasing exclusivity and resistance to change.<ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1">{{cite conference|url=http://www.wikisym.org/ws2009/procfiles/p108-suh.pdf |title=The Singularity is Not Near: Slowing Growth of Wikipedia |year=2009 |location=Orlando, Florida |conference=The International Symposium on Wikis |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110511110022/http://www.wikisym.org/ws2009/procfiles/p108-suh.pdf |archivedate=May 11, 2011 }}</ref><!-- ''Hidden whilst in discussion on the talk page'': New or occasional editors have significantly higher rates of their edits reverted (removed) than an elite group of regular editors, colloquially known as "the [[cabal]]". This could make it more difficult for the project to recruit and retain new contributors over the long term, resulting in stagnation in article creation. --> Others suggest that the growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called "[[wikt:low-hanging fruit|low-hanging fruit]]"—topics that clearly merit an article—have already been created and built up extensively.<ref name="bostonreview the end of WP 1">{{cite news |url = http://www.bostonreview.net/books-ideas/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov |title = Edit This Page; Is it the end of Wikipedia |publisher = ''Boston Review'' |author = Evgeny Morozov |date = November–December 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Cohen |first = Noam |url = http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html |title = Wikipedia – Exploring Fact City |work = The New York Times |date = March 28, 2009 |accessdate = April 19, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="stanford WP lack of future growth 1">Austin Gibbons, David Vetrano, Susan Biancani (2012). [http://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs341-2012/reports/09-GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf Wikipedia: Nowhere to grow] {{open access}}</ref> {{anchor|Decline in participation since 2009}} In November 2009, a researcher at the [[Rey Juan Carlos University]] in [[Madrid]] ([[Spain]]) found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, the project lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008.<ref name="guardian editors leaving 1">{{cite news |url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors |title = Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words |work = The Guardian |location = London |author = Jenny Kleeman |date = November 26, 2009 |accessdate = March 31, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url = http://libresoft.es/publications/thesis-jfelipe |title = Wikipedia: A quantitative analysis |format = PDF |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403172516/http://libresoft.es/publications/thesis-jfelipe |archivedate = April 3, 2012 }}</ref> ''The Wall Street Journal'' cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend.<ref name="WSJ WP losing editors 1">Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages, The Wall Street Journal, November 27, 2009.</ref> Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the methodology of the study.<ref name="telegraph Wales WP not losing editors 1">{{cite news |url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html |title = Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors |first = Emma |last = Barnett |work = The Daily Telegraph |location = London |date = November 26, 2009 |accessdate = March 31, 2010 }}</ref> Two years later, Wales acknowledged the presence of a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011.<ref name="wiki-women" /> In the same interview, Wales also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable", a claim which was questioned by MIT's ''[[Technology Review]]'' in a 2013 article titled "The Decline of Wikipedia."<ref name="Simonite-2013">{{cite journal |last = Simonite |first = Tom |url = http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |title = The Decline of Wikipedia |date = October 22, 2013 |journal = [[MIT Technology Review]] |accessdate = November 30, 2013 }}</ref> In July 2012, ''[[the Atlantic]]'' reported that the number of administrators is also in decline.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829 |title = 3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins |work = The Atlantic |date = July 16, 2012 }}</ref> In the November 25, 2013, issue of ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine, Katherine Ward stated "Wikipedia, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis. In 2013, MIT's ''Technology Review'' revealed that since 2007, the site has lost a third of the volunteer editors who update and correct the online encyclopedia's millions of pages and those still there have focused increasingly on minutiae."<ref>Ward, Katherine. ''New York'' Magazine, issue of November 25, 2013, p. 18.</ref> [[File:History Wikipedia English SOPA 2012 Blackout2.jpg|thumb|right|Wikipedia blackout protest against [[Stop Online Piracy Act|SOPA]] on January 18, 2012]] [[File:Wikipedia Edit 2014.webm|thumb|right|A promotional video of the Wikimedia Foundation that encourages viewers to edit Wikipedia, mostly reviewing 2014 via Wikipedia content]]<!-- Appropriateness debated in Talk:Wikipedia#Promotional video --> === Recent milestones === In January 2007, Wikipedia entered for the first time the top-ten list of the most popular websites in the United States, according to [[comScore]] Networks. With 42.9 million unique visitors, Wikipedia was ranked number 9, surpassing the ''[[New York Times]]'' (#10) and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] (#11). This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when the rank was number 33, with Wikipedia receiving around 18.3 million unique visitors.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html |title = Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites |publisher = PCWorld |date = February 17, 2007 }}</ref> {{as of|2015|03}}, Wikipedia has rank 6<ref name="Alexa siteinfo" /><ref name="Alexa top">{{cite web |url = http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org |title = Wikipedia.org Site Overview |work = alexa.com |accessdate = 2016-06-05 }}</ref> among websites in terms of popularity according to [[Alexa Internet]]. In 2014, it received 8 billion pageviews every month.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |title = Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Wikipedia Page Views Per Country |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |accessdate = March 8, 2015 }}</ref> On February 9, 2014, ''The New York Times'' reported that Wikipedia has 18 billion [[page view]]s and nearly 500 million [[unique visitor]]s a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore."<ref name="small screen">{{cite news |url = http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0 |title = Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen |work = The New York Times |date = February 9, 2014 |last = Cohen |first = Noam }}</ref> On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the United States Congress—the [[Stop Online Piracy Act]] (SOPA) and the [[PROTECT IP Act]] (PIPA)—by [[2012 Wikipedia blackout|blacking out its pages for 24 hours]].<ref name="LA Times Jan 19">{{cite news |url = http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html |title = Wikipedia: SOPA protest led 8 million to look up reps in Congress |first = Deborah |last = Netburn |work = Los Angeles Times |date = January 19, 2012 |accessdate = March 6, 2012 }}</ref> More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced Wikipedia content.<ref name="BBC WP blackout protest 1">{{cite news |title = Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585 |publisher = BBC News |date = January 18, 2012 |accessdate = January 19, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |title = SOPA/Blackoutpage |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |accessdate = January 19, 2012 }}</ref> Loveland and Reagle argue that, in process, Wikipedia follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that accumulated improvements piecemeal through "[[Stigmergy|stigmergic]] accumulation".<ref name="sagepub WP and encyclopedic production 1">{{cite journal |url = http://nms.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/01/13/1461444812470428.full |title = Wikipedia and encyclopedic production. New Media & Society. Sage Journals |author = Jeff Loveland and Joseph Reagle |date = January 15, 2013 |journal = New Media & Society |doi = 10.1177/1461444812470428 |volume = 15 |issue = 8 |page = 1294 }}</ref><ref name="theatlantic WP actually a reversion 1">{{cite web |url = http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697 |title = What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? • The Atlantic |author = Rebecca J. Rosen |date = Jan 30, 2013 |accessdate = February 9, 2013 }}</ref> On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for ''The Economic Times'' indicated that not only had Wikipedia growth flattened but that it has "lost nearly 10 per cent of its page-views last year. That's a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by 12 per cent, those of German version slid by 17 per cent and the Japanese version lost 9 per cent."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |first = Subodh |last = Varma |title = Google eating into Wikipedia page views? |date = January 20, 2014 |publisher = [[Times Internet Limited]] |url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms |work = The Economic Times |accessdate = February 10, 2014 }}</ref> Varma added that, "While Wikipedia's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's [[Knowledge Graph]]s project launched last year may be gobbling up Wikipedia users."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> When contacted on this matter, Clay Shirky, associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet and Security indicated that he suspected much of the page view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click [any further]."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> [[File:EnwikipediaGom.PNG|thumb|Number of articles in the English Wikipedia]] [[File:EnwikipediagrowthGom.PNG|thumb|Growth of the number of articles in the English Wikipedia]] [[File:Time Between Edits Graph Jul05-Present.png|thumb|Number of days between every 10,000,000th edit from 2005 to 2012]]
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